Mark 1

⁹ In those days Jesus came from Nazareth of Galilee and was baptized by John in the Jordan. ¹⁰ And when he came up out of the water, immediately he saw the heavens being torn open and the Spirit descending on him like a dove. ¹¹ And a voice came from heaven, “You are my beloved Son; with you I am well pleased.”

A few years back articles began appearing in numerous news sources about a growing “depbaptism” movement, particularly in Europe. This is a movement in which people who were baptized as infants by their parents formally request to be debaptized, to have their baptisms rendered null and void. Here is one such article.

More than 100,000 Britons have recently downloaded “certificates of de-baptism” from the Internet to renounce their Christian faith.

The initiative launched by a group called the National Secular Society (NSS) follows atheist campaigns here and elsewhere, including a London bus poster which triggered protests by proclaiming “There’s probably no God.”

“We now produce a certificate on parchment and we have sold 1,500 units at three pounds (4.35 dollars, 3.20 euros) a pop,” said NSS president Terry Sanderson, 58.

John Hunt, a 58-year-old from London and one of the first to try to be “de-baptised,” held that he was too young to make any decision when he was christened at five months old.

The male nurse said he approached the Church of England to ask it to remove his name. “They said they had sought legal advice and that I should place an announcement in the London Gazette,” said Hunt, referring to one of the official journals of record of the British government.

So that’s what he did — his notice of renouncement was published in the Gazette in May 2008 and other Britons have followed suit.

Michael Evans, 66, branded baptising children as “a form of child abuse” — and said that when he complained to the church where he was christened he was told to contact the European Court of Human Rights.

The Church of England said its official position was not to amend its records. “Renouncing baptism is a matter between the individual and God,” a Church spokesman told AFP…

De-baptism movements have already sprung up in other countries.

In Spain, the high court ruled in favor of a man from Valencia, Manuel Blat, saying that under data protection laws he could have the record of his baptism erased, according to a report in the International Herald Tribune.

Similarly, the Italian Union of Rationalists and Agnostics (UAAR) won a legal battle over the right to file for de-baptism in 2002, according to media reports. The group’s website carries a “de-baptism” form to facilitate matters.

According to UAAR secretary Raffaele Carcano, more than 60,000 of these forms have been downloaded in the past four years and continue to be downloaded at a rate of about 2,000 per month. Another 1,000 were downloaded in one day when the group held its first national de-baptism day last October 25.

Elsewhere, an Argentinian secularist movement is running a “Collective Apostasy” campaign, using the slogan “Not in my name” (No en mi nombre)…

Sanderson meanwhile remains resolute. “The fact that people are willing to pay for the parchments shows how seriously they are taking them,” he said.”[1]

Yes, they do seem to be taking these debaptism parchments serious indeed. It is a curious thing. I am tempted to beat my Baptist drum here and say that this is yet another reason why believer’s baptism is important. If you listen to what these folks are saying, their primary argument seems to be that their baptisms were imposed upon them, that they were not ready for them and did not seek them.

When I think of this anger and resentment concerning baptism unsought for, I cannot help but think of what a contrast the baptism of Jesus is. Jesus sought, embraced, and submitted to His baptism as the beginning of earthly ministry and as a prophetic pointer to what He would accomplish on the cross and the empty tomb.

Over and against the allegations of injustice from these debaptizers stands the Lord Jesus and His clear sense of readiness, of purpose, and of obedience to the Father.

Mark’s record of the baptism of Jesus is deceptively brief. It is brief, but it is not simple. In fact, it is a deeply moving passaged filled with powerful and poignant markers that reveal that something amazing happened in this moment. John MacArthur, Jr., suggests that this event probably happened on “a summer day in the year A.D. 26.”[2] Perhaps, but it was a day like none other!

The baptism of Jesus was Trinitarian and speaks to us of the nature of God.

We need not to miss the fascinating Trinitarian note that is sounded in this baptism account. Simply put, we see the Triune God present and at work in the baptism of Jesus. Consider:

^11a And a voice came from heaven, “You are my beloved Son…”

^9a In those days Jesus came from Nazareth of Galilee

^10b …and the Spirit descending on him like a dove

St. Augustine summed it up nicely when he wrote that “the Trinity appears very clearly: the Father in the voice, the Son in the man, the Spirit in the dove.”[3]

In his book, God the Trinity, Malcolm Yarnell makes the point that while the New Testament contains no formal, propositional, doctrinal statement on the Trinity in the way that we would formulate it today, the Trinity is present all throughout the Bible and that, in fact, the very idiom of the Bible is Trinitarian. “God the Trinity,” writes Yarnell, “is revealed through word and deed in the Bible, even though not in our propositional form.”[4]

Our text would be an example of the Trinity revealed in deed. That is, at the baptism of Jesus, the Father speaks, the Son submits, and the Spirit descends. While the primary point of the passage is not to formulate a doctrine of the Trinity, it is through texts like these that the doctrine of the Trinity is formulated. We should behold and marvel at the Triune God: the Father who commissions and speaks, the Son who obeys and fulfills, and the Spirit who descends, inaugurates, and empowers.

We must also be careful not to see the baptism of the Jesus as the point at which Jesus became the Son of God. This idea is the ancient adoptionist heresy that was condemned at the Synod of Antioch and the first Council of Nicaea. This heretical notion proposed that at His baptism Jesus was adopted into sonship, that it was here that Jesus became the Son of God. Thus, in this idea, before the baptism of Jesus He was merely a man, even a very good man, but a man nonetheless.

This idea must continue to be rejected. Jesus is the Son of God from eternity past. The descent of the Spirit upon Christ does not confer sonship or make any ontological change in the person of Christ. It is a sign of the blessing and power of God on Christ, but that is not a blessing that was withheld before. Christ, fully God and fully man, in a sense, inaugurates His ministry at His baptism, but He does not inaugurate His Sonship. He has been, is, and ever will be the eternal and uncreated Son of God. He stands in full equality with the Father and the Spirit as the Triune God.

The baptism of Jesus was fulfilling and speaks to us of the ministry of Jesus.

Jesus’ baptism was eyebrow-raising to John the Baptist, who knew at least enough to know that this Jesus was no mere man, that this Jesus had no sin of which He needed to repent, and that this Jesus was to be bowed before and worshipped, not baptized by a sinful man like himself! In Matthew’s account of this scene in Matthew 3, we find a fascinating exchange between Jesus and John the Baptist about this very point:

¹³ Then Jesus came from Galilee to the Jordan to John, to be baptized by him. ¹⁴ John would have prevented him, saying, “I need to be baptized by you, and do you come to me?” ¹⁵ But Jesus answered him, “Let it be so now, for thus it is fitting for us to fulfill all righteousness.” Then he consented.

First, the baptism of Christ was, as He said, a fulfillment. Specifically, it was a fulfillment of all righteousness. Here we see the active righteousness of Jesus Christ, His active obedience to all that humanity is called to. In a sense, it is almost as if Jesus will not call others to do something He Himself does not do. Jesus was not baptized because He was a sinner. He was baptized because He was not. As the righteous Son of God, Christ submits to the call of God in all of life and one of those calls here in the wilderness with John was baptism.

Was there a kind of example being made here? Perhaps it can be seen like that in a sense. In a sense, it might be said that Christ does this for the benefit of those watching, but only in a sense. His own wording suggests that He Himself wanted to be obedient in this area and that would suggest that Christ would have done this had nobody been watching. So an example is there, to be sure, but it is not His primary motivation.

There is also a powerful prophetic element here as well. On the cross, Jesus will take our sins upon Himself. He will, as Paul wrote in 1 Corinthians 5:21, somehow “be sin” on the cross as He takes the sin of the world upon Himself. John’s baptism was a baptism of repentance. Jesus did not need to repent, but Jesus would, on the cross, feel the full weight of human sinfulness and the human need for repentance. He will feel the terrible burden of human lostness as a result of the human rebellion that He took upon Himself when He took our sins.

Tellingly, Jesus referred to the coming cross as a baptism. In Luke 12, Jesus spoke of the cross as a coming baptism that caused Him great distress.

⁵⁰ I have a baptism to be baptized with, and how great is my distress until it is accomplished!

In Mark 10, Jesus told His disciples that His coming baptism on Golgotha was a baptism they could not even begin to fathom, much less endure or undergo.

³⁸ Jesus said to them, “You do not know what you are asking. Are you able to drink the cup that I drink, or to be baptized with the baptism with which I am baptized?”

Put altogether, we might say that Jesus submitted to John’s watery baptism in preparation for and as a prophetic announcement of the baptism of His coming cross. As John would bury Christ under the water, so Christ would be buried in a tomb. As John raised Jesus up out of the water, so Jesus would be raised out of death.

What an amazing thing it is that the Son of God submitted to this baptism! Our hope is in what this baptism anticipates, the cross of Jesus Christ!

The baptism of Jesus was freeing and speaks to us of the beauty of salvation.

There is something else happening here and it is something violent and cage rattling in the most glorious of ways. It is something we might miss if we do not read carefully. It is found in verse 10.

^10a And when he came up out of the water, immediately he saw the heavens being torn open

The phrase “being torn open” comes from the word schizo. It is a word that speaks of a violent tearing. So Mark says that the heavens were being ripped, torn open. Interestingly, Matthew and Luke did not use this verb. They used the more common word for “opened.” If, as is commonly believed, Mark was written first and if, as is also commonly believed, Matthew and Luke used Mark as one of their sources in writing their gospels, that means that Matthew and Luke changed the verb from “torn” to “opened.” In and of itself, that is fairly insignificant. Both speak of an opening and perhaps Matthew and Luke simply wanted to use the word that their audiences would have been more familiar with.

Eugene Boring notes that the image of the heavens being torn (schizo) is “an apocalyptic motif” and is “portrayed violently” in Mark (though not in Matthew and Luke).[5] Gundry points out that the more traditional language of the heavens being “opened” “is tame by comparison.”[6] And Robert Stein suggests that Matthew and Luke changed Mark’s verb to “opened” because Mark’s use of schizo was “sufficiently strange” and “open” (anoigo) was “more common.”[7]

Fine and good…but I do so love what Mark wrote here! For Mark, the heavens were not neatly opened, they were ripped!

Now that is most fascinating, but it is made even more so when you realize that Mark only used that verb schizo one other time in his gospel. He used it in Mark 15.

³⁸ And the curtain of the temple was torn in two, from top to bottom.

Wow! Fascinating! But wait: Josephus tells us that on the temple veil “was portrayed a panorama of the heavens.” That is, the veil looked like the heavens, it looked like the night sky!

Imagine it: as a Jewish worshiper of Yahweh God you would have known that God was in some way present behind this veil, behind the sky, behind a barrier that was penetrable only at certain times and only by the high priest who entered it, trembling, to make atonement for the sins of the people. The heavens were therefore a sign of wonder, to be sure, but also a sign of power and of dread, for who could go behind the Heavens and see God?

The high priest could, when allowed, but even he feared being struck dead. But certainly you could not. The heavens therefore constituted the barrier between you and God. It was separation. It was distance. God was behind there and you were here.

And when he came up out of the water, immediately he saw the heavens being torn open

And the curtain of the temple was torn in two, from top to bottom.

Mark is telling us something. He is telling us that the coming of Christ meant that the barrier between God and man had now been removed, obliterated, ripped to shreds. We can now come to God through Christ! What an amazing thing this is, this tearing of the heavens! Jesus did not come to neatly ease the door open. No, Jesus came to kick the doors off the hinges and pronounce to one and to all, “WHOSEVER WILL MAY COME! WHOSEOVER WILL MAY COME! WHOSOEVER WILL MAY COME!”

You can now come home! God is no longer shrouded in fearful distance. God is near to us in Christ! God is not thereby reduced in power or glory. The coming of Christ does not diminish the majesty of God. The coming of Christ magnifies it. For what kind of God would do such a thing as this except a God mighty in grace and love and mercy!

The door is gone! The barrier is gone! You are no longer lost in the darkness! You…may…come!

The 2^nd/3^rd century church father, Hippolytus

Do you see, beloved, how many and how great blessings we would have lost if the Lord had yielded to the exhortation of John and declined baptism? For the heavens had been shut before this. The region above was inaccessible. We might descend to the lower parts, but not ascend to the upper. So it happened not only that the Lord was being baptized – he also was making new the old creation. He was bringing the alienated under the scepter of adoption…A reconciliation took place between the visible and the invisible. The celestial orders were filled with joy, the diseases of the earth were healed, secret things made known, those at enmity restored to amity…So when the Holy Spirit descended in the form of a dove, and the Father’s voice spread everywhere, it was fitting that “the gates of heaven should be lifted up.”[8]

But wait a minute. There is even something else happening here. It is true that the ripping of the heavens means that Heaven is now open to us in and through (and only in and through) Jesus. But is the motion in this story primarily from the ground up or is it from Heaven down?

Consider that what is happening in the baptism of Jesus is actually a fulfillment of a plea from Isaiah 64.

¹ Oh that you would rend the heavens and come down, that the mountains might quake at your presence— ² as when fire kindles brushwood and the fire causes water to boil—to make your name known to your adversaries, and that the nations might tremble at your presence!

But in this verse the action is not an ascent, us coming to God, but rather a descent, God coming to us. What if our being able to come to the Father is not the primary point of the rending of the heavens?

One of the best explanations I have ever heard for this comes from a most unlikely source. When I was a student at Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary in Fort Worth, Texas, Dr. Thomas Long, then the professor of preaching at Princeton Divinity School, came and lectured. I will never forget him telling a story about a friend of his who was asked to teach a boy’s Sunday School class. His friend, like Dr. Long, is an academic, a religious scholar we might say, so this was a bit of a daunting task for him, teaching the Bible to young, unruly boys.

Dr. Long recounted that his friend how one boy in this class (we will call him Alan) who very clearly was not interested in the class and did not want to be there. His body language, his lack of participation, his prickly demeanor, and his overall terrible attitude communicated all of this very effectively. In vain the teacher tried to get the young man to engage, to speak, or even just to acknowledge the presence of other people in the room. Week after week Alan showed literally no interest at all. In fact, he oozed a kind of hostile disgust at everybody in the room.

Except for one time. Once, Dr. Long’s friend was teaching the class on our passage. He was teaching them about the baptism of Jesus. As he did so, he reached the part about the ripping of the heavens. “As a result,” he said, “we can now come to God through Jesus.”

When he said this, to his utter amazement, he saw Alan shift uncomfortable in his seat. Alan even appeared to mutter something under his breath.

The teacher, amazed, addressed the boy.

“Alan, is there something you wanted to say?”

Alan simply looked down and shook his head no.

Undeterred, the teacher pressed. “Alan, truly I think we would all like to hear from you. You seem like you have a thought about this passage. Would you be willing to share it with the class.”

There was a pause as Alan, arms crossed, continued to look down at his feet. After a moment, though, the boy looked up. There was something of a snarl on his lips as he surveyed his fellow students and then locked eyes with the teacher. Finally, as if burdened by a great weight of irritation, Alan spoke.

“That ain’t what that means.”

The teacher, amazed, said, “What? That isn’t what what means, Alan?”

“That verse. That ain’t what that verse means.”

Intrigued and slightly nervous, the teacher asked, “Well, what does it mean?”

Another pause, then a deep breath, then Alan responded: “That verse don’t mean that we can get to God. It means that God can get to us. It means that God’s on the loose, and there ain’t nothin’ safe anymore.”

I would submit to you that that is one of the greatest interpretations of this passage ever uttered in the long history of biblical interpretation!

God’s on the loose…and there ain’t nothin’ safe anymore!

Yes! God is on the loose! He is on the loose in Jesus! God has come to us, hunting us, pursuing us with radical love and mercy and forgiveness, seeking to overwhelm us with new life, new creation, a new heart, and a relationship with Him! Will you accept this God who has kicked the doors of Heaven off the hinges for you? Will you come to the God who has come to you?

God’s on the loose…and there ain’t nothin’ safe anymore!

Amen and amen.

[1] https://www.breitbart.com/article.php?id=CNG.ae71a038e9b3b47af4f0e9eac9598fd8.2b1 &show_article=1

[2] John F. MacArthur, Jr. Mark 1-8. MacArthur New Testament Commentary. (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, ), https://books.google.com/books?id=mLIfAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT39&dq=Mark+1:9-11&hl=en&sa=X&ved= 0ahUKEwjO_tPFqP3LAhXIRyYKHYQwD1gQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=Mark%201%3A9-11&f=false

[3] Thomas C. Oden and Christopher A. Hall, ed. Mark. Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture. Gen. Ed., Thomas C. Oden. New Testament. Vol. II (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2005), p.11.

[4] Malcolm Yarnell, God the Trinity. (Nashville, TN: Broadman and Holman Academic, 2016), p.18.

[5] M. Eugene Boring, Mark. The New Testament Library. (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2006), p.45.

[6] Robert Gundry, Mark. Vol. 1. (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2004), p.48.

[7] Robert Stein, Mark. Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament. (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Publishing Group, 2008), p.56-57.

[8] Thomas C. Oden and Christopher A. Hall, ed., p.11.

Job 38

¹ Then the Lord answered Job out of the whirlwind and said: ² “Who is this that darkens counsel by words without knowledge? ³ Dress for action like a man; I will question you, and you make it known to me. ⁴ “Where were you when I laid the foundation of the earth? Tell me, if you have understanding. ⁵ Who determined its measurements—surely you know! Or who stretched the line upon it? ⁶ On what were its bases sunk, or who laid its cornerstone, ⁷ when the morning stars sang together and all the sons of God shouted for joy? ⁸ “Or who shut in the sea with doors when it burst out from the womb, ⁹ when I made clouds its garment and thick darkness its swaddling band, ¹⁰ and prescribed limits for it and set bars and doors, ¹¹ and said, ‘Thus far shall you come, and no farther, and here shall your proud waves be stayed’? ¹² “Have you commanded the morning since your days began, and caused the dawn to know its place, ¹³ that it might take hold of the skirts of the earth, and the wicked be shaken out of it? ¹⁴ It is changed like clay under the seal, and its features stand out like a garment. ¹⁵ From the wicked their light is withheld, and their uplifted arm is broken. ¹⁶ “Have you entered into the springs of the sea, or walked in the recesses of the deep? ¹⁷ Have the gates of death been revealed to you, or have you seen the gates of deep darkness? ¹⁸ Have you comprehended the expanse of the earth? Declare, if you know all this. ¹⁹ “Where is the way to the dwelling of light, and where is the place of darkness, ²⁰ that you may take it to its territory and that you may discern the paths to its home? ²¹ You know, for you were born then, and the number of your days is great! ²² “Have you entered the storehouses of the snow, or have you seen the storehouses of the hail, ²³ which I have reserved for the time of trouble, for the day of battle and war? ²⁴ What is the way to the place where the light is distributed, or where the east wind is scattered upon the earth? ²⁵ “Who has cleft a channel for the torrents of rain and a way for the thunderbolt, ²⁶ to bring rain on a land where no man is, on the desert in which there is no man, ²⁷ to satisfy the waste and desolate land, and to make the ground sprout with grass? ²⁸ “Has the rain a father, or who has begotten the drops of dew? ²⁹ From whose womb did the ice come forth, and who has given birth to the frost of heaven? ³⁰ The waters become hard like stone, and the face of the deep is frozen. ³¹ “Can you bind the chains of the Pleiades or loose the cords of Orion? ³² Can you lead forth the Mazzaroth in their season, or can you guide the Bear with its children? ³³ Do you know the ordinances of the heavens? Can you establish their rule on the earth? ³⁴ “Can you lift up your voice to the clouds, that a flood of waters may cover you? ³⁵ Can you send forth lightnings, that they may go and say to you, ‘Here we are’? ³⁶ Who has put wisdom in the inward parts or given understanding to the mind? ³⁷ Who can number the clouds by wisdom? Or who can tilt the waterskins of the heavens, ³⁸ when the dust runs into a mass and the clods stick fast together? ³⁹ “Can you hunt the prey for the lion, or satisfy the appetite of the young lions, ⁴⁰ when they crouch in their dens or lie in wait in their thicket? ⁴¹ Who provides for the raven its prey, when its young ones cry to God for help, and wander about for lack of food?

Job 39

¹ “Do you know when the mountain goats give birth? Do you observe the calving of the does? ² Can you number the months that they fulfill, and do you know the time when they give birth, ³ when they crouch, bring forth their offspring, and are delivered of their young? ⁴ Their young ones become strong; they grow up in the open; they go out and do not return to them. ⁵ “Who has let the wild donkey go free? Who has loosed the bonds of the swift donkey, ⁶ to whom I have given the arid plain for his home and the salt land for his dwelling place? ⁷ He scorns the tumult of the city; he hears not the shouts of the driver. ⁸ He ranges the mountains as his pasture, and he searches after every green thing. ⁹ “Is the wild ox willing to serve you? Will he spend the night at your manger? ¹⁰ Can you bind him in the furrow with ropes, or will he harrow the valleys after you? ¹¹ Will you depend on him because his strength is great, and will you leave to him your labor? ¹² Do you have faith in him that he will return your grain and gather it to your threshing floor? ¹³ “The wings of the ostrich wave proudly, but are they the pinions and plumage of love? ¹⁴ For she leaves her eggs to the earth and lets them be warmed on the ground, ¹⁵ forgetting that a foot may crush them and that the wild beast may trample them. ¹⁶ She deals cruelly with her young, as if they were not hers; though her labor be in vain, yet she has no fear, ¹⁷ because God has made her forget wisdom and given her no share in understanding. ¹⁸ When she rouses herself to flee, she laughs at the horse and his rider. ¹⁹ “Do you give the horse his might? Do you clothe his neck with a mane? ²⁰ Do you make him leap like the locust? His majestic snorting is terrifying. ²¹ He paws in the valley and exults in his strength; he goes out to meet the weapons. ²² He laughs at fear and is not dismayed; he does not turn back from the sword. ²³ Upon him rattle the quiver, the flashing spear, and the javelin. ²⁴ With fierceness and rage he swallows the ground; he cannot stand still at the sound of the trumpet. ²⁵ When the trumpet sounds, he says ‘Aha!’ He smells the battle from afar, the thunder of the captains, and the shouting. ²⁶ “Is it by your understanding that the hawk soars and spreads his wings toward the south? ²⁷ Is it at your command that the eagle mounts up and makes his nest on high? ²⁸ On the rock he dwells and makes his home, on the rocky crag and stronghold. ²⁹ From there he spies out the prey; his eyes behold it from far away. ³⁰ His young ones suck up blood, and where the slain are, there is he.”

Steven Lawson tells of a college student who went to take a final exam at the end of his Fall semester and realized to his horror that he did not know the answer to a single question. After mulling over what to do, the young man wrote the following on his exam: “Only God knows the answer to these questions. Merry Christmas!” Over Christmas break, the graded exam arrived in the mail. On the top of it the professor had written this: “Then God gets a 100, and you get 0. Happy New Year!”[1]

There is something of that humorous but very real truth here in Job 38 and 39. Whatever else we learn from God’s speech in these chapters, we see clearly the staggering distance between God and man. But we also learn more than this.

God is less concerned with the answer than with the presumption behind the question.

God’s dramatic appeal to the distance between us and Him reveals to us that God is less concerned with the answer than with the presumption behind our questions. Consider what God says in the beginning of Job 38:

¹ Then the Lord answered Job out of the whirlwind and said: ² “Who is this that darkens counsel by words without knowledge?

The Lord begins by telling Job that he does not and cannot know as much as God about the issue at hand or any issue for that matter: “Who is this that darkens counsel by words without knowledge?” Job’s wisdom can only succeed in darkening the truth. Later, Paul will make this point powerfully through his memorable words in 1 Corinthians 1:

²⁰ Where is the one who is wise? Where is the scribe? Where is the debater of this age? Has not God made foolish the wisdom of the world? ²¹ For since, in the wisdom of God, the world did not know God through wisdom, it pleased God through the folly of what we preach to save those who believe. ²² For Jews demand signs and Greeks seek wisdom, ²³ but we preach Christ crucified, a stumbling block to Jews and folly to Gentiles, ²⁴ but to those who are called, both Jews and Greeks, Christ the power of God and the wisdom of God. ²⁵ For the foolishness of God is wiser than men, and the weakness of God is stronger than men.

Imagine: the wisest theologian on earth right now knows less than the simplest person in Heaven. I realize that when we speak from a place of raw transparency and pain we speak, in our minds, from our greatest vantage point of clarity, a point where all pretensions have passed away, a point where we have no need or desire to posture or impress. Pain is the place of the baring of our souls. But we must realize that we can be most sincere and yet still be sincerely incorrect. “Raw” and “transparent” are not synonyms for “correct” and “true.”

What is more, it is not merely that Job does not have the wisdom he thinks he has, it is also that Job’s presumption of his ability to hear and receive the answer is also mistaken. Behind all of Job’s questions is the assumption that were God to answer, Job could receive it. But it is this assumption, indeed, this presumption, that is so very mistaken.

As we will see, the premise of human ability to receive divine wisdom concerning the deepest mysteries of reality is fatally flawed. Only God can fully understand God. Man can receive and, to some extent, understand those things about God that God has chosen to reveal, but even those things have been put in images and words and pictures that are accessible to us. We stumble like blind men and women over what God has revealed, then we presume to be able to receive any more!

What God has revealed, He has revealed out of love and mercy and grace. We can know what He has spoken, but we can only know it to the extent that we are able. Job assumes that he can receive the answer. He cannot.

The Lord continues:

³ Dress for action like a man; I will question you, and you make it known to me.

Steven Lawson tells us that “dress for action like a man” can be interpreted “brace yourself like a man” and “was a military command that called a soldier to prepare for a fierce battle.”[2] In other words, God tells Job to prepare to defend Himself and to prepare to answer. Job had asked enough questions. Now it was time for him to answer God’s questions.

God is transcendent, above, and other in a way that should lead us to awe-inspired trust and humbling perspective.

In February of 2016, Umberto Eco died. Eco was one of my favorite authors. He is most well known for writing the international bestselling novel, The Name of the Rose. He wrote numerous other novels, collections of essays, works on semiotics (his field of study), culture, history, philosophy, and literature. He was, to put it mildly, a fascinating man with a dizzying mind!

In 2009, he published an entire book devoted to lists entitled The Infinity of Lists. In it, he gives numerous examples of lists in literature, sacred texts, and other historical media. Early in the book, Eco discusses why people write lists and what the overall effect of lists on a reader is. He suggests that lists are employed as a…

…mode of artistic representation, one where we do not know the boundaries of what we wish to portray, where we do not know how many things we are talking about and presume their number to be, if not infinite, then at least astronomically large. We cannot provide a definition by essence and so, to be able to talk about it, to make it comprehensible or in some way perceivable, we list its properties…

Eco goes on to say that lists represent “an actual infinity made up of objects that can perhaps be numbered but that we cannot number.” Lists, then, according to Eco, are representations that suggest “infinity almost physically, because in fact it does not end, nor does it conclude in form.”[3]

I cannot help but think of Eco’s explanation of lists as I read the following words from Job 38 and 39. And, make no mistake, the best way to process this list of questions, this list of attributions, this list of evidence for the sovereignty of God, is to hear it read, to catch the full sensation of infinity, or transcendence, of otherness that arises at such a reading. This is not a text to be dissected. We will see that Job’s response is to put his hand over his mouth. No, it is a text to be heard, absorbed, and adored. More than that, it is a text that, if rightly heard and rightly received, will lead us into the very throne room of God.

So still your mind and heart. If need be, shut your eyes. Imagine you are standing before a terrifying whirlwind reverberating with the tremors of transcendent glory. You are broken – physically, mentally, emotionally, spiritually – and your have had your say. You have said things you never thought you would to and about God. You still love Him, but it has become a fragile touch instead of a confident grasp. And you are there, before the whirlwind, and out of the whirlwind, God speaks.

Listen:

⁴ “Where were you when I laid the foundation of the earth? Tell me, if you have understanding. ⁵ Who determined its measurements—surely you know! Or who stretched the line upon it? ⁶ On what were its bases sunk, or who laid its cornerstone, ⁷ when the morning stars sang together and all the sons of God shouted for joy? ⁸ “Or who shut in the sea with doors when it burst out from the womb, ⁹ when I made clouds its garment and thick darkness its swaddling band, ¹⁰ and prescribed limits for it and set bars and doors, ¹¹ and said, ‘Thus far shall you come, and no farther, and here shall your proud waves be stayed’? ¹² “Have you commanded the morning since your days began, and caused the dawn to know its place, ¹³ that it might take hold of the skirts of the earth, and the wicked be shaken out of it? ¹⁴ It is changed like clay under the seal, and its features stand out like a garment. ¹⁵ From the wicked their light is withheld, and their uplifted arm is broken. ¹⁶ “Have you entered into the springs of the sea, or walked in the recesses of the deep? ¹⁷ Have the gates of death been revealed to you, or have you seen the gates of deep darkness? ¹⁸ Have you comprehended the expanse of the earth? Declare, if you know all this. ¹⁹ “Where is the way to the dwelling of light, and where is the place of darkness, ²⁰ that you may take it to its territory and that you may discern the paths to its home? ²¹ You know, for you were born then, and the number of your days is great! ²² “Have you entered the storehouses of the snow, or have you seen the storehouses of the hail, ²³ which I have reserved for the time of trouble, for the day of battle and war? ²⁴ What is the way to the place where the light is distributed, or where the east wind is scattered upon the earth? ²⁵ “Who has cleft a channel for the torrents of rain and a way for the thunderbolt, ²⁶ to bring rain on a land where no man is, on the desert in which there is no man, ²⁷ to satisfy the waste and desolate land, and to make the ground sprout with grass? ²⁸ “Has the rain a father, or who has begotten the drops of dew? ²⁹ From whose womb did the ice come forth, and who has given birth to the frost of heaven? ³⁰ The waters become hard like stone, and the face of the deep is frozen. ³¹ “Can you bind the chains of the Pleiades or loose the cords of Orion? ³² Can you lead forth the Mazzaroth in their season, or can you guide the Bear with its children? ³³ Do you know the ordinances of the heavens? Can you establish their rule on the earth? ³⁴ “Can you lift up your voice to the clouds, that a flood of waters may cover you? ³⁵ Can you send forth lightnings, that they may go and say to you, ‘Here we are’? ³⁶ Who has put wisdom in the inward parts or given understanding to the mind? ³⁷ Who can number the clouds by wisdom? Or who can tilt the waterskins of the heavens, ³⁸ when the dust runs into a mass and the clods stick fast together? ³⁹ “Can you hunt the prey for the lion, or satisfy the appetite of the young lions, ⁴⁰ when they crouch in their dens or lie in wait in their thicket? ⁴¹ Who provides for the raven its prey, when its young ones cry to God for help, and wander about for lack of food?

Job 39

¹ “Do you know when the mountain goats give birth? Do you observe the calving of the does? ² Can you number the months that they fulfill, and do you know the time when they give birth, ³ when they crouch, bring forth their offspring, and are delivered of their young? ⁴ Their young ones become strong; they grow up in the open; they go out and do not return to them. ⁵ “Who has let the wild donkey go free? Who has loosed the bonds of the swift donkey, ⁶ to whom I have given the arid plain for his home and the salt land for his dwelling place? ⁷ He scorns the tumult of the city; he hears not the shouts of the driver. ⁸ He ranges the mountains as his pasture, and he searches after every green thing. ⁹ “Is the wild ox willing to serve you? Will he spend the night at your manger? ¹⁰ Can you bind him in the furrow with ropes, or will he harrow the valleys after you? ¹¹ Will you depend on him because his strength is great, and will you leave to him your labor? ¹² Do you have faith in him that he will return your grain and gather it to your threshing floor? ¹³ “The wings of the ostrich wave proudly, but are they the pinions and plumage of love? ¹⁴ For she leaves her eggs to the earth and lets them be warmed on the ground, ¹⁵ forgetting that a foot may crush them and that the wild beast may trample them. ¹⁶ She deals cruelly with her young, as if they were not hers; though her labor be in vain, yet she has no fear, ¹⁷ because God has made her forget wisdom and given her no share in understanding. ¹⁸ When she rouses herself to flee, she laughs at the horse and his rider. ¹⁹ “Do you give the horse his might? Do you clothe his neck with a mane? ²⁰ Do you make him leap like the locust? His majestic snorting is terrifying. ²¹ He paws in the valley and exults in his strength; he goes out to meet the weapons. ²² He laughs at fear and is not dismayed; he does not turn back from the sword. ²³ Upon him rattle the quiver, the flashing spear, and the javelin. ²⁴ With fierceness and rage he swallows the ground; he cannot stand still at the sound of the trumpet. ²⁵ When the trumpet sounds, he says ‘Aha!’ He smells the battle from afar, the thunder of the captains, and the shouting. ²⁶ “Is it by your understanding that the hawk soars and spreads his wings toward the south? ²⁷ Is it at your command that the eagle mounts up and makes his nest on high? ²⁸ On the rock he dwells and makes his home, on the rocky crag and stronghold. ²⁹ From there he spies out the prey; his eyes behold it from far away. ³⁰ His young ones suck up blood, and where the slain are, there is he.”

Behold the awesome majesty of God!

Steven Chase has pointed out that “the questions in the speech directed by God at Job do not seem to ask if Job is a righteous human, but rather if Job is, like YHWH, a god; YHWH asks questions more suited to a rival god than to a human suffering in rotting skin, as if the human were knowledgeable enough to share an intimate conversation with YHWH as co-creator of the universe.” Chase further argues that “the implicit answer…is that there is a moral order to the universe, but it is beyond human understanding, and it can be accessed, not changed, by faith.”[4]

That is as good a summation of any of what is happening here.

God is God.

Job is not.

There is the answer.

In a sense, God’s response to Job’s questions is the same as God’s response to Moses concerning what he was to tell Pharaoh when questioned: “I AM!”

This is a paraphrase of Job 38 and 39: “I AM!”

I ask you and I ask myself: are we content to rest in the sovereignty of a holy God?

Is it enough for us to know that God is God, to let God be God, and to accept with comfort and with praise that great fact?

Does this sound cruel to you? Perhaps it does. We think that human beings are entitled to know. But what if we not only are not entitled to know the mysteries of God, we could not know them if God spoke them to us. We do not possess the mental and spiritual space to contain, much less understand, certain truths.

We will one day.

Or perhaps then we will not care.

Perhaps when we stand before the blazing fire and whirlwind of the grandeur of God Almighty all of our presumptions and our sense of entitlement and even our need to know will melt away before the beauty and awesomeness of God.

We need Job 38 and 39. We need to hear again this amazing list and learn to tremble again before the God who loves us and who has revealed Himself to us in Christ.

Yes, we need to learn to tremble.

And to love.

And to trust.

“Why!” cries Job.

“I AM!” answers God.

It is enough.

Amen.

[1] Steven J. Lawson, Job. Holman Old Testament Commentary. Vo.10 (Nashville, TN: Holman Reference, 2004), p.333.

[2] Steven J. Lawson, p.327.

[3] Umberto Eco, The Infinity of Lists. (New York, NY: Rizzoli, 2009), p.15,17.

[4] Steven Chase, Job. Belief. (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2013), p.256.

Mark 1

¹ The beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ, the Son of God. ² As it is written in Isaiah the prophet, “Behold, I send my messenger before your face, who will prepare your way, ³ the voice of one crying in the wilderness: ‘Prepare the way of the Lord, make his paths straight,’” ⁴ John appeared, baptizing in the wilderness and proclaiming a baptism of repentance for the forgiveness of sins. ⁵ And all the country of Judea and all Jerusalem were going out to him and were being baptized by him in the river Jordan, confessing their sins. ⁶ Now John was clothed with camel’s hair and wore a leather belt around his waist and ate locusts and wild honey. ⁷ And he preached, saying, “After me comes he who is mightier than I, the strap of whose sandals I am not worthy to stoop down and untie. ⁸ I have baptized you with water, but he will baptize you with the Holy Spirit.”

In his biographical introduction to St. Patrick of Ireland, the late Patrick Francis Cardinal Moran writes of how Patrick, having returned as a missionary to Ireland after escaping slavery and making his way back to his family in England, was locked in spiritual combat with the forces of paganism there as he sought to evangelize the Celtic people. Moran writes that Patrick “learned from Dichu that the chieftains of Erin had been summoned to celebrate a special feast at Tara by Leoghaire, who was the Ard-Righ, that is, the Supreme Monarch of Ireland.” What is more, Leoghaire had decreed that all the fires of Ireland should be extinguished until “the signal blaze was kindled at the royal mansion.” So Patrick determined to go to Tara and confront from the pagan assembly with the gospel of Christ. Moran informs us that the event happened on Easter Sunday, March 26, 433.

…the chiefs and Brehons came in full numbers and the druids too would muster all their strength to bid defiance to the herald of good tidings and to secure the hold of their superstition on the Celtic race, for their demoniac oracles had announced that the messenger of Christ had come to Erin. St. Patrick arrived at the hill of Slane, at the opposite extremity of the valley from Tara, on Easter Eve, in that year of the feast of the Annunciation, and on the summit of the hill kindled the Paschal fire. The druids at once raised their voice. “O King,” (they said) “live forever; this fire, which has been lighted in defiance of the royal edict, will blaze for ever in this land unless it be this very night extinguished.” By order of the king and the agency of the druids, repeated attempts were made to extinguish the blessed fire and to punish with death the intruder who had disobeyed the royal command. But the fire was not extinguished and Patrick shielded by the Divine power came unscathed from their snares and assaults.

            On Easter Day the missionary band having at their head the youth Benignus bearing aloft a copy of the Gospels, and followed by St. Patrick who with miter and crosier was arrayed in full episcopal attire, proceeded in processional order to Tara. The druids and magicians put forth all their strength and employed all their incantations to maintain their sway over the Irish race, but the prayer and faith of Patrick achieved a glorious Triumph.[1]

What a gloriously dramatic and fascinating scene, Patrick walking into the valley of Tara in defiance of the Druids and magicians and their pagan monarch. You have got to get the scene right in your mind: the pagan horde and their dark king gathered in the valley in darkness. All the fires of the land had been extinguished. All the eyes of the Celts were looking toward the great royal mansion awaiting the lighting of the fire that would signal the beginning of their defiant feast. Suddenly, on the hill of Slane on the far end of the valley of Tara a fire leaps into the air, but it is not the fire of Leoghaire, the fire of pagan revelry. Instead, there on the hill, the druids and magicians and the Celts look up to see Patrick, missionary to Ireland, standing on Easter Eve shrouded in the orange glow of the Paschal flame!

What an amazing sight that must have been! It sounds like those scenes in the movies when the hero walks cooly toward the camera as a massive explosion goes off behind him. And so Patrick, fire behind him and darkness ahead of him, walked into the valley to proclaim the gospel to the pagan Celts!

Amazing!

But there is one other detail we need to put into this scene to get the full effect. One of the most moving aspects of this image can be found in this little line from the description: “On Easter Day the missionary band having at their head the youth Benignus bearing aloft a copy of the Gospels…”

Ah! At the head of this brave little band of missionaries walked a young man holding high above his head a copy of the gospels: Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. Now that is a wondrous thing indeed!

As we approach the gospel of Mark, let us have this scene in our minds: the gospels, the stories of Jesus, held aloft like light in the darkness. The Church must once again learn the power of the gospels. They tell us the story of Jesus, the story of salvation. They should indeed be held aloft against the encroaching darkness, for they tell us of the light. The gospels are beautiful witnesses to Jesus, and Mark, it is widely agreed today, is the earliest one.

John prepared the way for Jesus by powerfully reminding the Jews of their (and our) need for exodus liberation, wilderness repentance, and promised land deliverance.

Mark does not begin with the birth of Jesus. Rather, Mark begins with the preaching of John the Baptist.

¹ The beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ, the Son of God.

Here is a most beautiful and powerful sentence. Mark tells us that this marks the beginning of the gospel, the evangel, the good news of Jesus Christ. “Gospel,” here, is not referring to the book of Mark but rather to the beautiful proclamation that Christ has come. The first four books of the New Testament will not be referred to as “gospels” until some years later. It refers here to the proclamation about which Mark is writing, the proclamation of Jesus Christ, the Son of God. It does so by proclaiming first the one who proclaimed Christ, John the Baptist.

² As it is written in Isaiah the prophet, “Behold, I send my messenger before your face, who will prepare your way, ³ the voice of one crying in the wilderness: ‘Prepare the way of the Lord, make his paths straight,’” ⁴ John appeared, baptizing in the wilderness and proclaiming a baptism of repentance for the forgiveness of sins. ⁵ And all the country of Judea and all Jerusalem were going out to him and were being baptized by him in the river Jordan, confessing their sins. ⁶ Now John was clothed with camel’s hair and wore a leather belt around his waist and ate locusts and wild honey.

John the Baptist begins his introduction of Jesus with a quotation from scripture. The quotation itself appears to be a kind of amalgamation of three verses.

Exodus 23:20 – Behold, I send an angel before you to guard you on the way and to bring you to the place that I have prepared.

Malachi 3:1 – Behold, I send my messenger, and he will prepare the way before me. And the Lord whom you seek will suddenly come to his temple; and the messenger of the covenant in whom you delight, behold, he is coming, says the LORD of hosts.

Isaiah 40:3 – A voice cries: “In the wilderness prepare the way of the LORD; make straight in the desert a highway for our God.

John used these as prophetic verses, pointing to the coming Messiah. They are also wilderness texts that speak of Israel’s exodus journey through the wilderness. It is at this point that we need to appreciate that something is happening here that would have been apparent to first century Jews but is not as readily apparent to us. Namely, Mark’s usage of wilderness texts and wilderness imagery and even his own wilderness appearance was evoking the idea of Israel’s exodus from Egypt and their wilderness wanderings. And this is significant because in Israel’s psyche the wilderness was the place of repentance and and the place of true sonship. William Lane explains.

The biblical concept of repentance…is deeply rooted in the wilderness tradition. In the earliest stratum of OT prophecy, the summons to “turn” basically connotes a return to the original relationship with the Lord. This means a return to the beginning of God’s history with his people, a return to the wilderness. Essential to the prophetic concern with repentance in Hosea, Amos and Isaiah is the concept of Israel’s time in the wilderness as the period of true sonship to God…Although there is no trace of this understanding in orthodox Jewish circles in the first century, the theology of the Qumran Community indicates that this strand of the prophetic tradition was kept alive in sectarian Judaism.[2]

This is profoundly provocative and profoundly significant. At one level, John’s words are simply preparatory. I do not use “simply” to mean “unimportantly.” On the contrary, John’s preparation for Christ and his call for the people to repent and prepare for the coming Messiah was precisely why John had come. But on another level, the fact that John called the people to (a) leave Jerusalem and (b) come to the wilderness means that this preparatory call was pregnant with meaning and imagery that itself made this a strategically nuanced and prophetic call to remember and then to prepare. In other words, the fact that John the Baptist called the Jews out of Jerusalem and into the wilderness meant that, in a certain sense, Jerusalem had become a kind of Egypt, the Jordan had become a kind of Red Sea, the coming Messiah was a greater and superior kind of Moses, and the wilderness remained the place where God disciplines and loves and leads His people.

That great ancient scholar Erasmus of Rotterdam made the same point. He wrote in his 1523 Paraphrase of Mark that the Jews going out from Jerusalem to the wilderness to see and hear John can be likened to a sinner who leaves the comforts of his past life to come to Christ.

He must leave behind everything who wishes to be worthy of the evangelical grace that lavishly gives everything. In the cities there are riches, pleasures, delights, ambition, and pride, but Jerusalem surpassed the rest: it had a temple which was its pride, it had carnal victims in which it trusted, it had feast days, sabbaths, choice of foods, and other ceremonies in which it vested righteousness; it had the arrogance of the priests, the hypocrisy of the Pharisees. But he who desires evangelical baptism must cut himself loose from trusting in any of these things. Judaea must be abandoned altogether with its Jerusalem, with its temple, its victims, its priesthood, its Pharisaism. You must migrate into the wilderness to receive there the very glad tidings of the imminent coming of the Saviour.[3]

This raises, of course, a very intriguing comment: what is your Jerusalem? What is mine? What is that place of bondage we need to leave? God is ever and again calling his wayward children to the wilderness of discipline, of repentance, and of restoration, but from where is He calling you?

And are we willing to go? Are we willing to leave our Jerusalem and go into the wilderness? Are we willing to go to the river of repentance, the river of rebirth, the river of relationship restoration?

And are our hearts open to the Savior who comes to save? Are we willing to meet Him there, in the wilderness so that He might change us?

Michael Card captured the essence of this idea so beautifully in his song, “The Wilderness.”

In the wilderness

In the wilderness

He calls His sons and daughters

To the wilderness

But He gives grace sufficient

To survive any test

And that’s the painful purpose

Of the wilderness

In the wilderness we wander

In the wilderness we weep

In the wasteland of our wanting

Where the darkness seems so deep

We search for the beginning

For an exodus to hold

We find that those who follow Him

Must often walk alone

In the wilderness

In the wilderness

He calls His sons and daughters

To the wilderness

But He gives grace sufficient

To survive any test

And that’s the painful purpose

Of the wilderness

In the wilderness we’re wondering

For a way to understand

In the wilderness there’s not a way

For the ways become a man

And the man’s become the exodus

The way to holy ground

Wandering in the wilderness

Is the best way to be found

In the wilderness

In the wilderness

He calls His sons and daughters

In the wilderness

But He gives grace sufficient

To survive any test

And that’s the painful purpose

Of the wilderness

Groaning and growing

Amidst the desert days

The windy winter wilderness

Can blow the self away

In the wilderness

In the wilderness

He calls His sons and daughters

To the wilderness

But He gives grace sufficient

To survive any test

And that’s the painful purpose

Of the wilderness

And that’s the painful promise

Of the wilderness

John prepared the way for Jesus by presenting his watery baptism as a symbol that was lesser and weaker than the greater and stronger spiritual baptism that only Christ could offer.

The people came to the wilderness to see John the Baptist. Mark told us in verse 5 that “all the country of Judea and all Jerusalem were going out to him.” I recall in college having a liberal New Testament professor who pointed to this verse as probably an error in the biblical text. “You do not really think that all the country was going out to John, do you?” His point was that if literally all did not go out to John then here we have an error in the text. But of course Mark did not mean this literally any more than you or I do if we say, “It was a great party. Everybody was there!” This is called a synecdoche, a figure of speech in which the whole is referred to in order to communicate a large part. We use this kind of figure of speech all the time. So did the ancient writers. This is no error.

Regardless, such squabbles miss the point. The point is that something controversial and intriguing was happening in the wilderness. No doubt the crowd that went out to the wilderness was a mixed crowd, as Matthew reveals in his account in Matthew 3.

⁷ But when he saw many of the Pharisees and Sadducees coming to where he was baptizing, he said to them: “You brood of vipers! Who warned you to flee from the coming wrath? ⁸ Produce fruit in keeping with repentance. ⁹ And do not think you can say to yourselves, ‘We have Abraham as our father.’ I tell you that out of these stones God can raise up children for Abraham. ¹⁰ The ax is already at the root of the trees, and every tree that does not produce good fruit will be cut down and thrown into the fire.

So there were hypocrites there, the oppressors of the Jewish people, their new Pharaoh’s. And there were undoubtedly also onlookers, the kind of folk who like to follow the religious circus. Then as now, these people are the people who are always looking for the next hot thing on the religious scene, the religious consumers.

The expectations of the crowd were no doubt varied and ran the gamut from the self-serving to the sincere. Regardless, John the Baptist resisted his own temptation in the wilderness by saying that he and his ministry were both inferior to the One who was coming. He did this by speaking of how his baptism, while important, could not accomplish what Jesus’ baptism would accomplish.

⁷ And he preached, saying, “After me comes he who is mightier than I, the strap of whose sandals I am not worthy to stoop down and untie. ⁸ I have baptized you with water, but he will baptize you with the Holy Spirit.”

John shows true humility. He does not buy into his own press. He is there not for himself but rather for Christ, and his mission is to prepare the people for the mission of Christ. Specifically, John says that the coming Christ is “mightier” than him. Put another way, John was weaker and lesser than Christ. So it is with us all! We bow before Christ Jesus as Lord and King! We are certainly not His superior. We are clearly not His equal. He is above us and beyond us. Like John, we are not worthy to untie the strap of His sandals. We are only worthy to kiss the feet of the Lamb, and doing this is a great honor indeed!

Furthermore, John’s ministry was not as powerful as Jesus’. John’s ministry was a ministry of preparation. Jesus’ was a ministry of fulfillment. Jesus would do something that John could not do. Jesus is able to baptize our very hearts with the Holy Spirit! The medium with which He works is not mere water but rather the Holy Spirit. Christ baptizes all who will come to Him with the Spirit of the living God.

John the Baptist was the forerunner, the crazily dressed calm before the storm of amazing grace. He called the people to the wilderness to meet their new Moses, a superior Moses, a Moses who will lead all who come to Him out of the Egypt of our sin, through the wilderness of sonship and daughtership, and into the Promised Land of eternal life.

Come to the wilderness! It is there that we meet the Savior and King! Leave the comforts of your Jerusalem and come to the Christ who changes everything!

[1] Fr. Neil Xavier O’Donoghue, trans. and ed., St. Patrick: His Confessions and Other Works. (New Jersey: Catholic Book Publishing Corp., 2009), p.49-50.

[2] William Lane, The Gospel According to Mark. The New International Commentary on the New Testament. Gen. Ed., Joel B. Green (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1974), p.50-51.

[3] Desiderius Erasmus, Paraphrase on Mark. Collected Works of Erasmus. Gen. Ed., Robert D. Sider. Vol. 49 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1988), p.15-16.